FN 5.7×28mm

5.7×28mm

5.7×28mm sporting cartridges. From left to right: SS195LF, SS196SR, and SS197SR.
Type Personal defense weapon
Place of origin Belgium
Service history
In service 1991–present [1]
Used by 40+ countries; see:
Wars
Production history
Designer
  • Jean-Paul Denis (SS90) [5]
  • Marc Neuforge (SS90) [5]
Designed
  • 1986–90 (SS90) [1]
  • 1992–93 (SS190) [6]
Manufacturer FN Herstal
Produced
  • 1990–93 (SS90) [6]
  • 1993–present (SS190) [6]
Variants See Varieties
Specifications
Case type Rimless, bottleneck [7]
Bullet diameter 5.7 mm (0.224 in) [7]
Neck diameter 6.35 mm (0.25 in) [8]
Shoulder diameter 7.9 mm (0.311 in) [8]
Base diameter 7.9 mm (0.311 in) [8]
Rim diameter 7.80 mm (0.307 in)
Rim thickness 1.14 mm (0.045 in) [8]
Case length 28.83 mm (1.135 in) [8]
Overall length 40.50 mm (1.594 in) [8]
Case capacity 0.90 cm³ (14 gr H2O)
Rifling twist 228.6 mm (1:9 in) [7]
Primer type Boxer Small Rifle [7]
Maximum pressure 345.0 MPa (50,040 psi) [8]
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
23 gr (1.5 g) SS90 AP FMJ (prototype) 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s) 540 J (400 ft·lbf)
31 gr (2.0 g) SS190 AP FMJ 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 534 J (394 ft·lbf)
28 gr (1.8 g) SS195LF JHP 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 467 J (344 ft·lbf)
Test barrel length: 263 mm (10.35 in)
Source(s): The Encyclopedia of Handheld Weapons [9]

The FN 5.7×28mm is a small-caliber, high-velocity cartridge designed and manufactured by FN Herstal in Belgium.[7] It is a bottlenecked centerfire cartridge that is somewhat similar to the .22 Hornet or .22 K-Hornet.[7] The 5.7×28mm was developed in conjunction with the FN P90 personal defense weapon (PDW) and FN Five-seven pistol, in response to NATO requests for a replacement for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge.[10][11]

In 2002 and 2003, NATO conducted a series of tests with the intention of standardizing a PDW cartridge as a replacement for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge.[11] The tests compared the relative merits of the 5.7×28mm cartridge and the 4.6×30mm cartridge, which was created by Heckler & Koch as a competitor to the 5.7×28mm.[11] The NATO group subsequently recommended the 5.7×28mm cartridge, citing superior performance in testing, but the German delegation objected and the standardization process was indefinitely halted.[11]

By 2006, FN's 5.7×28mm firearms—the P90 personal defense weapon and Five-seven pistol—were in service with military and police forces in over 40 countries throughout the world.[12] In the United States, 5.7×28mm firearms are currently used by numerous law enforcement agencies, including the U.S. Secret Service.[13][14]

In addition to being used in the FN P90 and FN Five-seven firearms, the 5.7×28mm cartridge has subsequently been used in the AR-57 and FN PS90 carbines.[15][16] Excel Arms is currently developing four firearms chambered in 5.7×28mm, and Savage Arms is developing two bolt action rifles chambered in 5.7×28mm.[17][18][19] The 5.7×28mm cartridge itself is offered in a number of varieties, two of which—the SS195LF and SS197SR—are currently offered to civilian shooters for use in 5.7×28mm firearms.[20]

Contents

History

Development

The 5.7×28mm cartridge was designed in response to NATO requests for a replacement for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge.[9][11] According to the NATO requirement, the new cartridge was to have greater range, accuracy, and terminal performance than the 9×19mm cartridge.[21] Additionally, it was to be capable of penetrating body armor.[21] FN Herstal responded to the NATO requirement by developing the 5.7×28mm cartridge and two associated weapons: the FN P90 personal defense weapon (PDW) and FN Five-seven pistol.[9]

The original 5.7×28mm cartridge, called the SS90, was introduced in 1990.[9] It used a 1.5 g (23 grain) plastic-core projectile, which it propelled at a muzzle velocity of roughly 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s) when fired from the P90.[9] A United States patent application for the projectile design used in the SS90 was filed by FN's Jean-Paul Denis and Marc Neuforge in 1989.[5] U.S. Patent 5,012,743 ("High-Performance Projectile") was received in 1991.[6][22]

The 5.7×28mm SS90 cartridge was discontinued, and replaced in 1993 with the 5.7×28mm SS190.[6] The SS190 uses a 2.7-mm (0.11 in) shorter projectile with a weight of 2.0 g (31 grains), which it fires from the P90 at a muzzle velocity of roughly 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s).[23] The shorter length of the SS190 projectile allowed it to be more conveniently used in the 5.7×28mm FN Five-seven pistol, which was also being developed at that time.[6]

In 1993, FN introduced a modified version of the P90 with a magazine adapted to use the SS190 cartridge.[6] Several specialized 5.7×28mm varieties were also developed alongside the SS190, such as the L191 tracer round and the subsonic SB193 bullet for sound-suppressed use.[20] The 5.7×28mm FN Five-seven pistol then went into production in 1998.[24]

NATO evaluation

In 2002 and 2003, NATO conducted a series of tests with the intention of standardizing a PDW cartridge as a replacement for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge.[11] The tests compared the relative merits of the 5.7×28mm cartridge and the HK 4.6×30mm cartridge, which was created by German small arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch as a competitor to the 5.7×28mm.[11] The results of the NATO tests were analyzed by a group formed of experts from Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and the group's conclusion was that the 5.7×28mm was "undoubtedly" the more efficient cartridge.[11]

Among other points, the NATO group cited superior effectiveness (27 percent greater) for the 5.7×28mm against unprotected targets and equal effectiveness against protected targets.[11] It also cited less sensitivity to extreme temperatures for the 5.7×28mm, and cited a greater potential risk of barrel erosion with the 4.6×30mm.[11] In addition, the group pointed out that 5.7×28mm is close to the 5.56×45mm NATO by its design and manufacture process, allowing it to be manufactured on existing production lines.[11] The group also pointed out that 5.7×28mm firearms are more mature than 4.6×30mm firearms, and that the 5.7×28mm FN Five-seven pistol was already in production at that time, while the 4.6×30mm Heckler & Koch UCP pistol was only an early concept.[11]

However, the German delegation and others rejected the NATO recommendation that 5.7×28mm be standardized, halting the standardization process indefinitely.[11][21] As a result, both the 4.6×30mm and 5.7×28mm cartridges (and the associated weapons) have been independently adopted by various NATO countries, according to preference; both the P90 and Five-seven are currently in service with military and police forces in over 40 countries throughout the world.[11]

Present

In 2004, the SS192 hollow-point cartridge was introduced to civilian shooters alongside the new IOM variant of the Five-seven pistol.[25] After being met with controversy, the SS192 variety was discontinued in the same year, and in 2005 the SS196SR variety was introduced using a 2.6 g (40 grain) Hornady V-Max projectile.[26][27] The SS196 was also shortly discontinued in favor of the newer SS195LF and SS197SR varieties, which are currently offered to civilian shooters for use in 5.7×28mm firearms, and the SS198LF variety, which is currently offered but restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers.[20]

FN's 5.7×28mm ammunition types were briefly manufactured by Olin-Winchester, but today, they are made only by FN Herstal in Belgium and, since 2006, Fiocchi in the United States.[7][28] In 2009, the National Rifle Association added 5.7×28mm firearms to its NRA Tactical Police Competition standards, allowing law enforcement agencies to compete in this event using 5.7×28mm firearms.[29]

Design details

The 5.7×28mm cartridge was designed by FN Herstal specifically for use in the FN P90 personal defense weapon and FN Five-seven pistol.[10] Subsequently, it has been used in the FN PS90 carbine and the AR-57, an upper receiver for M16/AR-15 rifles.[15][16] The ST Kinetics CPW can also be configured for the 5.7×28mm cartridge, by changing the barrel and magazine groups.[30] Excel Arms is currently developing four firearms chambered in 5.7×28mm,[17] and Savage Arms is developing two bolt action rifles chambered in 5.7×28mm.[18][19]

The 5.7×28mm cartridge weighs 6.0 g (93 grains)—roughly half as much as a typical 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge—making extra ammunition less burdensome, or allowing more ammunition to be carried for the same weight.[31][32][33] Since the 5.7×28mm cartridge also has a relatively small diameter, an unusually high number of cartridges can be contained in a magazine.[34] The cartridge has a loud report and produces considerable muzzle flash (when fired from a pistol),[8] but it has roughly 30 percent less recoil than the 9×19mm cartridge, improving controllability.[33][35][36] Due to its high velocity, the 5.7×28mm also exhibits an exceptionally flat trajectory.[33][37]

One of the design intents of the SS190 variety of this cartridge was that it have the ability to penetrate Kevlar protective vests—such as the NATO CRISAT vest—that will stop conventional pistol bullets.[35] Fired from the P90, the SS190 is capable of penetrating the CRISAT vest at a range of 200 m (219 yd), or a Level IIIA Kevlar vest at the same range.[23][35] However, sporting variants of the 5.7×28mm are classified by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) as not armor-piercing.[26]

According to FN, the 5.7×28mm cartridge has an effective range of 200 m (219 yd) and a maximum range of 1,800 m (1,969 yd) when fired from the P90,[28] and an effective range of 50 m (55 yd) and a maximum range of 1,510 m (1,651 yd) when fired from the Five-seven.[25] In testing, the SS190 and similar 5.7×28mm projectiles consistently turn base over point ("tumble") as they pass through ballistic gelatin and other media, using the 21.6-mm (.85 in) projectile length[25] to create a larger wound cavity.[10][32][38][39] However, some are skeptical of the bullet's terminal performance, and it is a subject of debate among civilian shooters in the United States.[39]

The 5.7×28mm projectile potentially poses less risk of collateral damage than conventional pistol bullets, because the projectile design limits overpenetration, as well as risk of ricochet.[38][40][41] The lightweight projectile also poses less risk of collateral damage in the event of a miss, because it loses much of its kinetic energy after traveling only 400 m (437 yd), whereas a conventional pistol bullet such as the 9×19mm retains significant energy beyond 800 m (875 yd).[37] This range exceeds the engagement distances expected for the 5.7×28mm cartridge's intended applications, so the cartridge's limited energy at long range is not conversely considered to be disadvantageous.[37]

Since the 5.7×28mm SS190 projectile does not rely on fragmentation or the expansion of a hollow-point bullet, the cartridge (and 5.7×28mm firearms) are considered suitable for military use under the Hague Convention of 1899, which prohibits the use of expanding bullets in warfare.[39]

FN's 5.7×28mm cartridge cases are covered with a special polymer coating for easier extraction with the PS90 carbine due to the high chamber pressures and lack of case tapering.[32] In addition, this coating ensures proper feeding and function in the magazines.[32]

Cartridge dimensions

5.7×28mm maximum CIP cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).

The 5.7×28mm has a cartridge case capacity of 0.90 ml (13.85 grains) H2O.[8]

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 35 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1:228.6 mm (1:9 in), 8 grooves, Ø lands = 5.53 mm, Ø grooves = 5.62 mm, land width = 1.63 mm and the recommended primer type is small rifle.[7][8]

According to the official Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (CIP) guidelines the 5.7×28mm case can handle up to 345 MPa (50,037 psi) piezo pressure.[8] In CIP-regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers.

Varieties

SS90 prototype
The SS90 was an early prototype round used only in the earliest examples of the P90. It used a lightweight 1.5-g (23 grain) full metal jacket bullet with a polymer core, which it propelled at a muzzle velocity of roughly 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s). The SS90 was abandoned in 1994 in favor of the heavier and 2.7-mm (0.11 in) shorter SS190 projectile.[9]
SS190 duty
The SS190 FMJ, a refinement of the SS90, was introduced in 1993.[6] It offered superior performance over the prototype projectile as well as slightly reduced length.[6] The latter change allowed it to be used more conveniently in the Five-seven pistol also being developed at that time.[9] Fired from the P90, the SS190 propels a 2.0-g (31 grain) bullet at a muzzle velocity of roughly 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s). It has a steel penetrator and an aluminum core.[42] The SS190 has been manufactured with a plain, black, or black-on-white tip color.[20][43][44] It is classified by the ATF as armor-piercing (AP) ammunition, and its sale is currently restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers.[20][26]
In testing done by Houston Police Department SWAT, the SS190 fired from the P90 into bare ballistic gelatin exhibited penetration depths ranging from 28 to 34 cm (11 to 13.5 in).[23] In testing in 1999 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the SS190 fired from the P90 at a distance of 25 m (27 yd) exhibited an average penetration depth of 25 cm (9.85 in) in ballistic gelatin after passing through a Level II kevlar vest.[40]
L191 tracer
The L191 (also formerly called the SS191)[45] is a tracer cartridge designed for easier bullet spotting in dim light.[20] Combustible chemicals packed in the rear of the L191 projectile create a light trail visible up to 200 m (219 yd).[44] The L191 has been manufactured with a red or red-on-black tip.[20][43] The performance and trajectory of the L191 is identical to the SS190.[31][33] For this reason, it is also classified by the ATF as armor-piercing ammunition, and its sale is currently restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers.[20][26]
SS192 hollow-point
The SS192 was discontinued in late 2004.[45] It used a 1.8 g (28 grain) hollow point bullet with a copper jacket and an aluminum core.[25] The projectile had a length of 21.6 mm (.85 in).[25] It had an unmarked hollow nose with a depth of 7.6 mm (0.3 in) and a 0.8-mm (0.03 in) opening.[25] The SS192 was classified by the ATF as not armor-piercing, and in testing by FNH USA it did not penetrate a Level IIIA vest when fired from the Five-seven.[26]
SB193 subsonic
The SB193 (also formerly called the SS193)[45] is a subsonic cartridge featuring a 3.6-g (55 grain) Sierra Game King FMJBT (Full Metal Jacket Boat Tail) projectile. The SB193's low muzzle velocity eliminates the distinctive "crack" created by supersonic rounds, and when used in conjunction with a sound suppressor, the muzzle report is also reduced. Due to the greatly decreased muzzle velocity, the SB193 benefits from a slightly reduced recoil force of 1.3 kgm/s.[46] The SB193 can be identified by its white tip color.[20] Its sale is currently restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers.[20]
T194 training
The T194 training round was discontinued in 2002. It could be considered an early version of the SS192 or SS195. It used the same 1.8-g (28 grain) copper-jacketed aluminum core bullet, propelled at the same muzzle velocity.[31] It had a green painted tip.[31]
SS195LF (lead free)
The SS195LF is a commercially available cartridge that features a lead-free primer and produces ballistics similar to the SS192 round, which it replaced in late 2004.[45] It uses the same 1.8-g (28 grain) copper-jacketed aluminum core bullet as the SS192, and it can be identified by the unmarked, hollow void at the tip and the silver-colored primer.[20] The SS195 is classified by the ATF as not armor-piercing, and it is currently manufactured by FN Herstal in Belgium.[7][26]
SS196SR (sporting round)
The SS196SR was introduced in 2005 and it is now discontinued in favor of the SS197SR cartridge.[27] It featured a lead core 2.6-g (40 grain) Hornady V-Max bullet which it propelled at a muzzle velocity of roughly 500 m/s (1,650 ft/s) when fired from the Five-seven.[27] The polycarbonate tip used in the V-Max bullet acts as a wedge, enhancing expansion of the bullet. The SS196 was classified by the ATF as not armor-piercing, and in testing by FNH USA it did not penetrate a Level II vest when fired from the Five-seven.[26] The SS196 can be identified by its red polymer tip.[45]
SS197SR (sporting round)
The SS197SR is currently offered to civilian shooters in addition to the SS195LF.[47] It uses the same lead core 2.6-g (40 grain) Hornady V-Max projectile as the SS196SR,[7] but it is loaded for a muzzle velocity roughly 30-m/s (100 ft/s) higher. The projectile has a blue-colored polymer tip instead of the red color used in the SS196 projectile tip.[20] The SS197 is currently manufactured by Fiocchi under contract for FN Herstal[7][48][49] and it is distributed in the United States by Federal Cartridge Company.[20][47]
SS198LF (lead free)
The SS198LF uses the same lead-free projectile and primer as the SS195LF,[43] but propels it at roughly 30-m/s (100 ft/s) higher muzzle velocity. It has a green painted tip, and its sale is currently restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers.[20]
Non-FN ammunition
Elite Ammunition manufactures a wide variety of 5.7×28mm ammunition offerings designed for high performance.[50] Belgian ammunition manufacturer VBR-Belgium has also developed specialized 5.7×28mm projectiles designed for armor penetration and controlled fragmentation.[51]
Handloading is possible with 5.7×28mm ammunition, and 5.7-mm (.224 in) bullets are widely available due to use in .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO cartridges.[7] Handloaders have noted that the 5.7×28mm cartridge is very sensitive.[8] Bullets weighing 2.6 g (40 grains) or less are recommended for optimal use in 5.7×28mm applications,[8] but the 1:231 mm (1:9.1 in) rifling twist rate (distance the bullet must travel to complete one full revolution) used in the firearms' barrels will stabilize bullets weighing up to 4.5 g (70 grains).[7]

Specifications

SS190 L191 SS192 SB193 T194 SS195LF SS196SR SS197SR SS198LF
Projectile weight 2.0 g (31 gr) 2.0 g (31 gr) 1.8 g (28 gr) 3.6 g (55 gr) 1.8 g (28 gr) 1.8 g (28 gr) 2.6 g (40 gr) 2.6 g (40 gr) 1.8 g (28 gr)
Muzzle velocity (P90) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 305 m/s (1,000 ft/s) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 716 m/s (2,350 ft/s) 549 m/s (1,800 ft/s) 594 m/s (1,950 ft/s) —
Muzzle energy (P90) 534 J (394 ft-lb) 534 J (394 ft-lb) 467 J (343 ft-lb) 163 J (120 ft-lb) 467 J (343 ft-lb) 467 J (343 ft-lb) 393 J (290 ft-lb) 461 J (340 ft-lb) —
Projectile type FMJ "AP" FMJ Tracer JHP FMJBT JHP JHP V-Max V-Max JHP
Effective range 200 m (219 yd) 200 m (219 yd) 200 m (219 yd) 50 m (55 yd) 200 m (219 yd) 200 m (219 yd) 150 m (164 yd) 150 m (164 yd) 200 m (219 yd)
Color code Plain, black or white/black Red or red/black Plain JHP White Green Plain JHP Red V-Max Blue V-Max Green
Availability Restricted by FN Restricted by FN Commercial (discontinued) Restricted by FN Restricted by FN (discontinued) Commercial Commercial (discontinued) Commercial Restricted by FN

Fired from the longer 40.74-cm (16.04 in) barrel of the PS90, the muzzle velocity of SS195LF is roughly 60-m/s (200 ft/s) faster, and the muzzle velocity of SS197SR is roughly 45-m/s (150 ft/s) faster.[42] Fired from the shorter 12.2-cm (4.8 in) barrel of the Five-seven pistol, the muzzle velocity of SS195LF is roughly 90-m/s (300 ft/s) slower, and the muzzle velocity of SS197SR is roughly 60-m/s (200 ft/s) slower.[42]

Controversy

The Five-seven pistol and 5.7×28mm ammunition were originally restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers, but in 2004 the new Five-seven IOM variant was introduced, and offered to civilian shooters for use with SS192 ammunition.[25][52] FNH USA has marketed the Five-seven to civilian shooters as a pistol suitable for personal protection, target shooting, and similar uses, but the Five-seven's introduction to civilian shooters was strongly opposed by U.S. gun control organizations such as the Brady Campaign; by the end of 2004, sales of the Five-seven pistol had increased dramatically.[53][54][55]

In early 2005, the pistol was subject to intense controversy in the United States after the Brady Campaign stated that commercially available SS192 ammunition penetrated a Level IIA Kevlar vest in testing.[54][56] The National Rifle Association (NRA) shortly countered the Brady Campaign's claim by pointing out that the gun control group may not have adhered to standard testing procedures, and that FN only offers armor-piercing varieties of the 5.7×28mm cartridge to military and law enforcement customers.[20][56] Varieties offered to civilians are classified by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) as not armor-piercing, and it was stated that the SS192 and SS196 cartridge variations were unable to penetrate various types of Kevlar vests in tests conducted by FNH USA.[26]

The Five-seveN has been loved and hated in the years since its introduction. It is one of the most controversial handguns of our time, and was so even before the Fort Hood atrocity.

—Massad Ayoob, On Target magazine

Michael D. Barnes, then-president of the Brady Campaign, responded to the NRA's statements on the Five-seven by challenging NRA Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre to be shot with the pistol while wearing a Kevlar vest.[57] The NRA again attacked the Brady Campaign's statements, saying that "Barnes demonstrated his group's complete and utter disregard for gun safety and its flaming zeal to further restrict the rights of law-abiding gun owners."[57] In the same year, two pieces of legislation were introduced in the United States Congress, specifically targeting the Five-seven pistol and 5.7×28mm ammunition for a federal ban: the H.R. 1136: PLEA Act was introduced in the House of Representatives by Rep. Eliot Engel (D-NY), and the S. 527: PLEA Act was introduced in the Senate by Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ); neither bill proceeded to a vote by the House or Senate.[58][59]

In March 2007, legislation was again introduced in the United States Congress by Rep. Engel, under the new designation H.R. 1784: PLEA Act.[60] Once again, the bill failed to proceed to a vote.[60] In the following years, the Five-seven was subject to further controversy due to reports of the pistol's use by drug cartels in the Mexican Drug War.[3][61][62] In the United States, the Five-seven has never been used to kill a police officer, but various news sources such as The Boston Globe and La Jornada reported incidents in which the pistol was used to shoot and kill police officers or civilians in Mexico.[61][63][64] According to the ATF, the Five-seven is one of the weapons favored by drug cartels in the Mexican Drug War, and smuggled Five-seven pistols can sell for up to $5,000 in Mexico.[3][62] From Mexico, the pistols have been smuggled into other South American countries; in a July 2010 drive-by shooting in Envigado, Colombia, two cartel gunmen armed with Five-seven pistols opened fire on a group of bystanders outside a nightclub, leaving 9 people dead and 10 wounded.[65][66]

In November 2009, the Five-seven again became subject to intense controversy in the United States, following the Fort Hood shooting at Fort Hood military base, in Texas.[36][55][63] A U.S. Army psychiatrist, Major Nidal Malik Hasan, reportedly opened fire on fellow soldiers with a Five-seven pistol, killing 13 and wounding 29 in the worst shooting ever to take place on an American military base.[36][55][63] Shortly after the shooting, FNH USA responded with a fact sheet dismissing allegations about the nature of the pistol, pointing out that it is only offered to civilians with sporting ammunition.[41] Later in the month, a number of gun control organizations such as the Brady Campaign wrote a collaborative letter to U.S. President Barack Obama, citing the weapon's reported use by the Fort Hood shooter and Mexican drug cartels, and calling on him to ban importation of the Five-seven pistol and 5.7×28mm ammunition.[67] In July 2010, legislation was introduced in the United States Congress by Rep. Engel, for a third time, under the new designation H.R. 6030: PLEA Act.[68] Like its previous incarnations, the H.R. 6030 bill failed to proceed to a vote by either the House of Representatives or Senate.[68]

See also

Cartridges
Firearms

References

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  14. ^ Baddeley, Adam (May 21, 2003). "NATO Delays Personal Weapon Choice". Jane's Defence Weekly - Infantry Equipment (ISSN: 02653818), p 30.
  15. ^ a b "FN Semi-Automatic Carbines - PS90". FNH USA. 2009. http://www.fnhusa.com/le/products/firearms/family.asp?fid=FNF009&gid=FNG006. Retrieved October 20, 2009. 
  16. ^ a b Crane, David (August 11, 2008). "AR Five Seven (AR-57): 50-Shot 5.7×28mm AR-15 Carbine". Defense Review. http://www.defensereview.com/ar-five-seven-ar-57-50-shot-57x28mm-ar-15-carbine. Retrieved October 19, 2009. 
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